The first in Europe and the second in the world – the Constitution of May 3rd was a groundbreaking achievement of Polish political thought. Adopted in 1791, it was crafted through the wisdom and sense of responsibility of its authors, who seized favorable geopolitical circumstances. Although it was in force for only a few months, its impact on Polish history and identity remains immeasurable.

“This Constitution reflects a concern for the common good and the genius of its creators, who produced a document ahead of its time,” notes Prof. Dariusz Dudek, a constitutional law expert from the Catholic University of Lublin. It introduced the separation of powers, abolished the liberum veto, and recognized the people as the sovereign source of power.

According to Prof. Dudek, the architects of the May 3rd Constitution were far ahead of their era, implementing principles that Europe would not fully embrace until after World War I. “It was a supreme act, and ministers were held accountable before the Parliamentary Court. This demonstrates the modernity of this law,” he explains.

The document not only reformed governance but also established principles of religious tolerance, setting Poland apart from other European nations. “The fact that the Constitution advocated equality of religions was a hallmark of progressiveness. At that time, many countries imposed faith under the principle of ‘cuius regio, eius religio’,” adds the constitutional scholar.

Although its enforcement was short-lived, the May 3rd Constitution continues to inspire with its modern vision and its emphasis on the responsibility for the nation’s future – values that remain timeless.

KUL / Family News Service

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